Technological Advancements Shaping Tomorrow: AI, Quantum Computing, and Biotechnology

 Technological Advancements Shaping Tomorrow: AI, Quantum Computing, and Biotechnology

Artificial Intelligence (AI):

1. Deep Learning and Neural Networks:

   Breakthroughs in deep learning algorithms have enabled significant progress in various AI applications, including image recognition, natural language processing, and autonomous vehicles.

2. AI in Healthcare: AI-powered diagnostic tools are revolutionizing healthcare by improving disease detection and treatment planning. AI algorithms can analyze medical images, predict patient outcomes, and personalize treatment plans based on individual patient data.

3. Natural Language Processing (NLP): Advances in NLP have led to the development of virtual assistants, chatbots, and language translation tools that enhance communication and streamline business processes.

4. Ethical and Responsible AI: There is a growing emphasis on ethical AI development, including transparency, fairness, and accountability, to ensure that AI systems are deployed responsibly and address potential biases.

Quantum Computing:

1. Quantum Supremacy: Achievements in quantum computing have brought us closer to achieving quantum supremacy, where quantum computers can outperform classical computers in certain tasks. This could have profound implications for cryptography, optimization problems, and drug discovery.

2. Quantum Networking: Research in quantum networking aims to establish secure communication channels using quantum principles, potentially enabling quantum internet infrastructure with enhanced security and privacy.

3. Quantum Algorithms: Development of quantum algorithms for tasks such as prime factorization, optimization, and machine learning could unlock new capabilities and drive innovation across various industries.

4. Commercialization of Quantum Technologies: Companies are increasingly investing in quantum computing research and development, with a focus on building scalable quantum hardware and software platforms for practical applications.

Biotechnology:

1. Gene Editing Technologies: CRISPR-Cas9 and other gene editing tools have revolutionized genetic engineering, offering unprecedented precision and efficiency in modifying DNA sequences. These technologies hold promise for treating genetic disorders, developing new therapies, and advancing agricultural practices.

2. Synthetic Biology: Advances in synthetic biology enable the design and construction of biological systems with novel functions, such as engineered microbes for producing biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and biodegradable materials.

3. Personalized Medicine: Biotechnological innovations are driving the adoption of personalized medicine approaches, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their genetic makeup, lifestyle factors, and environmental influences.

4. Bioinformatics: The integration of biology, computer science, and information technology has led to the emergence of bioinformatics tools for analyzing large-scale biological data, facilitating drug discovery, biomarker identification, and genomic research.

Integration into Daily Life, Work, and Healthcare:

1. Smart Homes and IoT Devices: The proliferation of smart devices and Internet of Things (IoT) technology is transforming homes and workplaces, enabling automation, energy efficiency, and remote monitoring and control.

2. Telemedicine and Remote Healthcare: Digital health platforms and telemedicine services leverage technology to provide remote medical consultations, monitoring, and diagnosis, improving access to healthcare services and reducing healthcare disparities.

3. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): AR and VR technologies are being integrated into various industries, including education, training, entertainment, and healthcare, offering immersive and interactive experiences.

4. Wearable Technology: Wearable devices such as smartwatches, fitness trackers, and health monitors are becoming increasingly prevalent, providing real-time health and activity data, personalized feedback, and remote patient monitoring capabilities.

5. Autonomous Vehicles: Advances in AI, sensor technology, and robotics are driving the development of autonomous vehicles, promising safer, more efficient transportation systems with reduced congestion and emissions.

What is the significance of the recently discovered exoplanet Proxima Centauri b?

 What is the significance of the recently discovered exoplanet Proxima Centauri b?

Proxima Centauri b is significant because it is an exoplanet orbiting the closest star to our solar system, Proxima Centauri, making it a potential target for future interstellar exploration and potentially harboring extraterrestrial life. Additionally, its proximity to Earth makes it a valuable candidate for studying exoplanetary atmospheres and conditions outside our solar system.

1. Introduction

   • Explanation of Proxima Centauri b as a newly discovered exoplanet.
   • Brief mention of its significance in the realm of astronomy and space exploration.

2. Discovery and Characteristics

   • Description of how Proxima Centauri b was discovered, possibly through observations from telescopes or space probes.
   • Details about its characteristics such as its size, mass, composition, and distance from its host star.
   • Mention any unique features that make it interesting to scientists.

3. Proximity to Earth

   • Emphasize its proximity to Earth, being the closest known exoplanet to our solar system.
   • Explain how this proximity enables scientists to study it more closely compared to other exoplanets.

4. Potential for Life

   • Discuss the potential habitability of Proxima Centauri b.
   • Consider factors such as its distance from its host star, the presence of water, and the possibility of a stable atmosphere.
   • Explore the implications of finding life beyond Earth and how it would revolutionize our understanding of the universe.

5. Interstellar Exploration

   • Highlight the significance of Proxima Centauri b as a potential target for future interstellar exploration missions.
   • Discuss the challenges and technological advancements required to reach and study this distant exoplanet.

6. Studying Exoplanetary Atmospheres

   • Explain how Proxima Centauri b provides a unique opportunity to study exoplanetary atmospheres.
   • Discuss the techniques and instruments that could be used for this purpose, such as spectroscopy.

7. Comparative Planetology

   • Compare Proxima Centauri b to other exoplanets and celestial bodies within our solar system.
   • Discuss similarities and differences in terms of size, composition, and potential habitability.

8. Astrobiology and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life

   • Explore the implications of finding life on Proxima Centauri b for the field of astrobiology.
   • Discuss how the discovery could shape future missions and research aimed at finding extraterrestrial life.

9. Technological Advances

   • Highlight the technological advances that have enabled the discovery and study of exoplanets like Proxima Centauri b.
   • Discuss advancements in telescopes, space probes, and data analysis techniques.

10. Public Interest and Awareness

    • Discuss the public interest and awareness generated by the discovery of Proxima Centauri b.
    • Explore how such discoveries inspire curiosity and fascination about the universe.

11. Educational Opportunities

    • Discuss the educational opportunities provided by the discovery of Proxima Centauri b.
    • Highlight how it can be used as a teaching tool to engage students in science, astronomy, and space exploration.

12. Future Prospects

    • Speculate on the future of research and exploration related to Proxima Centauri b.
    • Discuss potential follow-up missions and discoveries that could further our understanding of this distant exoplanet.

13. Conclusion

    • Summarize the significance of Proxima Centauri b in terms of its potential for habitability, proximity to Earth, and implications for interstellar exploration.
    • Emphasize the importance of continued research and exploration in unraveling the mysteries of the universe.

Lab: Monitor and Manage Linux Processes

 

Lab: Monitor and Manage Linux Processes

In this lab, you locate and manage processes that use the most resources on a system.

Outcomes

• Manage processes with top as a process management tool.

Log in to workstation as student with student as the password.

On workstation, run the lab start processes-review command. The command runs a start script to determine whether the serverb host is reachable on the network.

[student@workstation ~]$ lab start processes-review

Instructions

1. On workstation, open two terminal windows side by side. In this section, these terminals are referred to as left and right. On each terminal window, log in to serverb as the student user.

   Create the process101 script in the /home/student/bin directory. The process101 script generates artificial CPU load.

   #!/bin/bash
   while true; do
     var=1
     while [[ var -lt 50000 ]]; do
       var=$(($var+1))
     done
     sleep 1
   done

   1. On workstation, open two terminal windows side by side. In each terminal, use the ssh command to log in to the serverb machine as the student user.

      [student@workstation ~]$ ssh student@serverb
      ...output omitted...
      [student@serverb ~]$

   2. In the left terminal shell, create the /home/student/bin directory.

      [student@serverb ~]$ mkdir /home/student/bin

   3. In the left terminal shell, create the process101 script. Press the i key to enter the Vim interactive mode. Type :wq to save the file.

      [student@serverb ~]$ vim /home/student/bin/process101
      #!/bin/bash
      while true; do
        var=1
        while [[ var -lt 50000 ]]; do
          var=$(($var+1))
        done
        sleep 1
      done

   4. Make the process101 script executable.

      [student@serverb ~]$ chmod +x /home/student/bin/process101

2. In the right terminal shell, run the top utility.

   1. Size the window to be as tall as possible.

      [student@serverb ~]$ top
      top - 17:02:43 up 42 min,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
      Tasks: 120 total,   1 running, 119 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
      %Cpu(s):  0.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,100.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
      MiB Mem :   1774.8 total,   1420.7 free,    206.3 used,    147.8 buff/cache
      MiB Swap:      0.0 total,      0.0 free,      0.0 used.   1417.3 avail Mem
      
       PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
         1 root      20   0  105972  17592  10292 S   0.0   1.0   0:01.30 systemd
         2 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kthreadd
         3 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 rcu_gp
         4 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 rcu_par_gp
         6 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kworker/0:0H-event+
      ...output omitted...

3. In the left terminal shell, verify the number of logical CPUs on the virtual machine. Run the process101 script in the background.

   1. Verify the number of logical CPUs.

      [student@serverb ~]$ grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l
      2

   2. Change to the /home/student/bin directory. Run the process101 script in the background.

      [student@serverb ~]$ cd /home/student/bin
      [student@serverb bin]$ process101 &
      [1] 1161

4. In the right terminal shell, observe the top display. Note the process ID (PID), and view the CPU percentage that the process101 process uses. The CPU percentage that the process uses should hover around 10% to 15%. Toggle the top utility display between load, threads, and memory. Return to the CPU usage display of the top utility.

   1. Press Shift+m.

      top - 17:11:24 up 51 min,  2 users,  load average: 0.16, 0.07, 0.02
      Tasks: 118 total,   1 running, 117 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
      %Cpu(s):  7.8 us,  0.7 sy,  0.0 ni, 91.2 id,  0.0 wa,  0.2 hi,  0.2 si,  0.0 st
      MiB Mem :   1774.8 total,   1419.5 free,    207.4 used,    147.9 buff/cache
      MiB Swap:      0.0 total,      0.0 free,      0.0 used.   1416.2 avail Mem
      
       PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
       761 root      20   0  340412  41416  17888 S   0.0   2.3   0:00.44 firewalld
       780 root      20   0  474344  30704  13508 S   0.0   1.7   0:00.62 tuned
       736 polkitd   20   0 2577132  24592  18320 S   0.0   1.4   0:00.07 polkitd
       767 root      20   0  471864  18992  16416 S   0.0   1.0   0:00.15 NetworkManager
         1 root      20   0  105972  17592  10292 S   0.0   1.0   0:01.30 systemd
      ...output omitted...
      1161 student   20   0  222652   3888   3432 S  12.3   0.2   0:54.81 process101
      ...output omitted...

      Note

      When the top utility switches into memory mode, the process101 process is no longer the first process. You can press Shift+p to return to CPU usage.

   2. Press m to display more memory details.

      top - 17:16:14 up 56 min,  2 users,  load average: 0.20, 0.12, 0.04
      Tasks: 118 total,   1 running, 117 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
      %Cpu(s):  7.5 us,  0.8 sy,  0.0 ni, 91.5 id,  0.0 wa,  0.2 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
      MiB Mem : 19.9/1774.8   [||||||||||                                           ]
      MiB Swap:  0.0/0.0      [                                                     ]
      
       PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
       761 root      20   0  340412  41416  17888 S   0.0   2.3   0:00.44 firewalld
       780 root      20   0  474344  30704  13508 S   0.0   1.7   0:00.66 tuned
       736 polkitd   20   0 2577132  24592  18320 S   0.0   1.4   0:00.07 polkitd
       767 root      20   0  471864  18992  16416 S   0.0   1.0   0:00.15 NetworkManager
         1 root      20   0  105972  17592  10292 S   0.0   1.0   0:01.30 systemd
      1068 student   20   0   21652  13144  10128 S   0.0   0.7   0:00.08 systemd
      1114 root      20   0   19332  11928   9648 S   0.0   0.7   0:00.02 sshd
      ...output omitted...
      1161 student   20   0  222652   3888   3432 S  11.0   0.2   1:35.17 process101
      ...output omitted...

   3. Press t.

      top - 17:21:43 up  1:01,  2 users,  load average: 0.23, 0.18, 0.09
      Tasks: 121 total,   1 running, 120 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
      %Cpu(s):   7.5/1.0     8[|||||                                                ]
      MiB Mem : 20.1/1774.8   [||||||||||||                                         ]
      MiB Swap:  0.0/0.0      [                                                     ]
      
       PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
       761 root      20   0  340412  41416  17888 S   0.0   2.3   0:00.44 firewalld
       780 root      20   0  474344  30704  13508 S   0.0   1.7   0:00.70 tuned
       736 polkitd   20   0 2577132  24592  18320 S   0.0   1.4   0:00.07 polkitd
       767 root      20   0  471864  18992  16416 S   0.0   1.0   0:00.17 NetworkManager
         1 root      20   0  105972  17592  10292 S   0.0   1.0   0:01.31 systemd
      1068 student   20   0   21652  13144  10128 S   0.0   0.7   0:00.08 systemd
      1114 root      20   0   19332  11928   9648 S   0.0   0.7   0:00.02 sshd
       668 root      20   0   33656  11892   8728 S   0.0   0.7   0:00.10 systemd-udevd
      1064 root      20   0   19328  11780   9504 S   0.0   0.6   0:00.03 sshd
      ...output omitted...
      1155 student   20   0  225976   4400   3656 R   0.0   0.2   0:01.31 top
      ...output omitted...

   4. Press Shift+p to switch to CPU usage.

      top - 17:23:33 up  1:03,  2 users,  load average: 0.17, 0.17, 0.09
      Tasks: 121 total,   1 running, 120 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
      %Cpu(s):   7.3/0.8     8[||||||                                               ]
      MiB Mem : 20.2/1774.8   [|||||||||||||                                        ]
      MiB Swap:  0.0/0.0      [                                                     ]
      
       PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
      1161 student   20   0  222652   3888   3432 S  15.6   0.2   2:09.61 process101
         1 root      20   0  105972  17592  10292 S   0.0   1.0   0:01.31 systemd
      ...output omitted...

5. Turn off the use of bold in the display. Save this configuration for reuse when top is restarted. Confirm that the changes are saved.

   1. Press Shift+b to switch off the use of bold.

      top - 17:29:12 up  1:09,  2 users,  load average: 0.17, 0.15, 0.10
      Tasks: 117 total,   2 running, 115 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
      %Cpu(s):   5.6/0.7     6[||||                                                 ]
      MiB Mem : 20.4/1774.8   [||||||||||||||                                       ]
      MiB Swap:  0.0/0.0      [                                                     ]
      
       PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
      1161 student   20   0  222652   3888   3432 R  12.0   0.2   2:57.18 process101
         1 root      20   0  105972  17592  10292 S   0.0   1.0   0:01.31 systemd
      ...output omitted...

   2. Press Shift+w to save this configuration. The default configuration is stored in the toprc file in the /home/student/.config/procps directory. In the left terminal shell, confirm that the toprc file exists.

      [student@serverb bin]$ ls -l /home/student/.config/procps/toprc
      -rw-rw-r--. 1 student student 966 Feb 18 19:45 /home/student/.config/procps/toprc

   3. In the right terminal shell, exit top, and then restart it. Confirm that the new display uses the saved configuration.

      top - 17:51:48 up  1:31,  2 users,  load average: 0.09, 0.12, 0.09
      Tasks: 119 total,   1 running, 118 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
      %Cpu(s):   5.0/0.5     5[|||                                                  ]
      MiB Mem : 20.0/1774.8   [|||||||||||||                                        ]
      MiB Swap:  0.0/0.0      [                                                     ]
      
          PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
         1161 student   20   0  222652   3888   3432 S  10.6   0.2   6:08.76 process101
            1 root      20   0  105972  17592  10292 S   0.0   1.0   0:01.33 systemd
      ...output omitted...

6. Copy the process101 script to a new process102 file, and increase the artificial CPU load to one hundred thousand in the new script. Start the process102 process in the background.

   1. In the left terminal shell, copy process101 to process102.

      [student@serverb bin]$ cp process101 process102

   2. Edit the process102 script and increase the addition calculations from fifty thousand to one hundred thousand. Enter interactive mode by using i. Type :wq to save the file and quit.

      [student@serverb bin]$ vim process102
      #!/bin/bash
      while true; do
        var=1
          while [[ var -lt 100000 ]]; do
            var=$(($var+1))
        done
        sleep 1
      done

   3. Start the process102 process in the background.

      [student@serverb bin]$ process102 &
      [2] 4023

   4. Verify that both processes are running in the background.

      [student@serverb bin]$ jobs
      [1]-  Running                 process101 &
      [2]+  Running                 process102 &

7. In the right terminal shell, verify that the process is running and uses the most CPU resources. The load should hover between 25% to 35%.

   1. In the right terminal shell, verify that the process is running. The load should hover between 25% to 35%.

      top - 18:04:54 up  1:44,  2 users,  load average: 0.37, 0.24, 0.13
      Tasks: 120 total,   1 running, 119 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
      %Cpu(s): 18.1 us,  2.0 sy,  0.0 ni, 79.7 id,  0.0 wa,  0.2 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
      MiB Mem :   1774.8 total,   1374.3 free,    210.1 used,    190.4 buff/cache
      MiB Swap:      0.0 total,      0.0 free,      0.0 used.   1410.7 avail Mem
      
       PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
      4023 student   20   0  222652   3980   3524 S  22.3   0.2   0:32.94 process102
      1161 student   20   0  222652   3888   3432 S  17.7   0.2   7:59.52 process101
         1 root      20   0  105972  17592  10292 S   0.0   1.0   0:01.33 systemd
      ...output omitted...

      Note

      If you do not see the process101 and process102 processes at the top of the process list, then press Shift+p to ensure that the top utility sorts the output by CPU usage.

8. Notice that the load average is below 1. Copy the process101 script to a new script called process103. Increase the addition count to eight hundred thousand. Start process103 in the background. Confirm that the load average is above 1. It might take a few minutes for the load average to change.

   1. In the right terminal shell, verify that the load average is below 1.

      top - 18:12:49 up  1:52,  2 users,  load average: 0.45, 0.38, 0.24
      ...output omitted...

   2. In the left terminal shell, copy process101 to a new process103 script.

      [student@serverb bin]$ cp process101 process103

   3. In the left terminal shell, edit the process103 script. Increase the addition count to eight hundred thousand. Enter interactive mode with the i key. Type :wq to save the file and quit.

      [student@serverb bin]$ vim process103
      #!/bin/bash
      while true; do
        var=1
          while [[ var -lt 800000 ]]; do
            var=$(($var+1))
          done
          sleep 1
      done

   4. Start the process103 process in the background. The CPU usage hovers between 60% to 85%.

      [student@serverb bin]$ process103 &
      [3] 5172

   5. Verify that all three jobs are running in the background.

      [student@serverb bin]$ jobs
      [1]   Running                 process101 &
      [2]-  Running                 process102 &
      [3]+  Running                 process103 &

   6. In the right terminal shell, verify that the load average is above 1. It might take a few minutes for the load to increase.

      top - 18:16:07 up  1:56,  2 users,  load average: 1.11, 0.77, 0.45
      ...output omitted...

9. In the left terminal shell, switch to the root user. Suspend the process101 process. List the remaining jobs. Observe that the process state for process101 is now in the T state.

   1. Switch to the root user.

      [student@serverb bin]$ su -
      Password: redhat

   2. Suspend the process101 process.

      [root@serverb ~]# pkill -SIGSTOP process101

   3. In the right terminal shell, confirm that the process101 process is no longer running.

      top - 18:19:17 up  1:59,  2 users,  load average: 0.92, 0.83, 0.50
      Tasks: 123 total,   3 running, 118 sleeping,   1 stopped,   1 zombie
      %Cpu(s): 42.9 us,  4.0 sy,  0.0 ni, 52.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.3 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
      MiB Mem :   1774.8 total,   1368.4 free,    215.5 used,    190.8 buff/cache
      MiB Swap:      0.0 total,      0.0 free,      0.0 used.   1405.2 avail Mem
      
       PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
      5172 student   20   0  222652   3900   3448 R  66.4   0.2   3:25.81 process103
      4023 student   20   0  222652   3980   3524 R  26.9   0.2   4:07.89 process102
         1 root      20   0  105972  17592  10292 S   0.0   1.0   0:01.34 systemd
         2 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kthreadd
      ...output omitted...

   4. In the left terminal shell, view the remaining jobs.

      [root@serverb ~]# ps jT
      ...output omitted...
      PPID PID  PGID  SID  TTY    TPGID STAT UID   TIME COMMAND
      1117 1118 1118  1118 pts/1  5778  Ss   1000   0:00 -bash
      1118 1161 1161  1118 pts/1  5778  T    1000  10:00 /bin/bash /home/student/bin/process101
      1118 4023 4023  1118 pts/1  5778  S    1000   4:19 /bin/bash /home/student/bin/process102
      1118 5172 5172  1118 pts/1  5778  S    1000   3:59 /bin/bash /home/student/bin/process103
      ...output omitted...

      Note that process101 has a status of T. It means that the process is currently suspended.

10. Resume the process101 process.

    1. In the left terminal shell, resume the process101 process.

       [root@serverb ~]# pkill -SIGCONT process101

    2. In the right terminal shell, verify that the process is running again.

       top - 18:24:18 up  2:04,  2 users,  load average: 1.06, 0.96, 0.65
       Tasks: 125 total,   2 running, 123 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
       %Cpu(s): 48.3 us,  4.3 sy,  0.0 ni, 47.2 id,  0.0 wa,  0.2 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
       MiB Mem :   1774.8 total,   1368.6 free,    215.2 used,    191.0 buff/cache
       MiB Swap:      0.0 total,      0.0 free,      0.0 used.   1405.5 avail Mem
       
           PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
          5172 student   20   0  222652   3900   3448 R  72.0   0.2   7:02.30 process103
          4023 student   20   0  222652   3980   3524 S  22.0   0.2   5:23.52 process102
          1161 student   20   0  222652   3888   3432 S  11.0   0.2  10:00.92 process101
       ...output omitted...

11. Terminate process101, process102, and process103 from the command line. Verify that the processes are no longer displayed in top.

    1. In the left terminal shell, terminate process101, process102, and process103.

       [root@serverb ~]# pkill process101
       [root@serverb ~]# pkill process102
       [root@serverb ~]# pkill process103

    2. In the right terminal shell, verify that the processes no longer appear in top.

       top - 18:25:12 up  2:05,  2 users,  load average: 0.93, 0.95, 0.67
       Tasks: 117 total,   1 running, 116 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
       %Cpu(s):  0.2 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni, 99.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
       MiB Mem :   1774.8 total,   1369.8 free,    214.0 used,    191.0 buff/cache
       MiB Swap:      0.0 total,      0.0 free,      0.0 used.   1406.7 avail Mem
       
           PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
           767 root      20   0  471864  18992  16416 S   0.3   1.0   0:00.26 NetworkManager
             1 root      20   0  105972  17592  10292 S   0.0   1.0   0:01.34 systemd
             2 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kthreadd
             3 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 rcu_gp
       ...output omitted...

12. Stop the processes and return to the workstation machine.

    1. Log out from the root user and close the terminal.

       [root@serverb ~]# exit
       logout
       [1]   Terminated              process101
       [2]   Terminated              process102
       [3]-  Terminated              process103

    2. In the right terminal shell, press q to quit top. Return to the workstation system as the student user.

       [student@serverb ~]$ exit
       logout
       Connection to serverb closed.
       [student@workstation ~]$

Evaluation

As the student user on the workstation machine, use the lab command to grade your work. Correct any reported failures and rerun the command until successful.

[student@workstation ~]$ lab grade processes-review

Finish

On the workstation machine, change to the student user home directory and use the lab command to complete this exercise. This step is important to ensure that resources from previous exercises do not impact upcoming exercises.

[student@workstation ~]$ lab finish processes-review

This concludes the section.